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Fresnel zone clearance must be considered when setting up a microwave link across the earth This is because optical line of sight between the transmitting and the receiving antenna is only one factor in most microwave links, the other being the first Fresnel zone clearance The Fresnel zone is referred to as the radio line of sight, and will need more clearance that the optical line-of-sight since a radio wave, when it passes near an object (such as a building or a mountain), will become defracted or bent, causing the radio wave to become degraded, even if the obstruction is many feet below (or to the side) of the radio wave This is why we must confirm mathematically, and not optically, that we have sufficient Fresnel zone clearance above any mountain or building to avoid attenuation of the transmitted signal at the receiving station The following formula can be used in conjunction with Fig 96 to verify this: h where h 721 d1d2 f (d1 d2)

11:

clearance between the top of any obstruction and the direct line of sight that is required for zero attenuation to the transmitted signal, feet distance between the transmitter and the obstruction, miles distance between the obstruction and the receiver, miles frequency of the transmitted signal, GHz

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If the answer is required in meters: h 173 d1d2 f (d1 d2)

Part III:

where the terms are as defined above except that h is in meters and d1 and d2 are in kilometers We could ignore the Fresnel zone clearance entirely but, depending on the frequency and the geometry of the obstruction and whether the obstruction is close to the optical-line-of-sight, the additional path losses could be anywhere between 6 and 20 dB As we have discovered, the noise floor of a receiver system is a critical issue To calculate this, including the antenna s NF as well as the receiver s NF, we can use the formula below This formula works quite accurately for terrestrial total receiver system NF calculations, but assumes a receiving antenna s noise temperature to be 290 K, which is a reliable antenna temperature estimate for all antennas in an earthbound link environment And since the formula calculates the signal strength, in dBm, required at the input of the receiving antenna for the receiver to output at a 0-dB SNR, we would have to confirm that the transmitter on the other end of the link has the power to permit us,